Children’s Literature II: Young Adult Literature Essay

47, written by Walter Mosley, is the story of a 14 year old slave who lives on a cotton plantation in Georgia. 47 has lived in the house and barn all his life, thus giving him a clouded vision of what slave life is really like. One day he is relocated to the slave chambers where his universe is turned upside down. 47 meets a presumably runaway slave, named Tall John who in all reality is an extraterrestrial. Through their friendship Tall John teaches 47 all about freedom and his world. Through the text we are given a chance to find a new experience with the world of slave history, African American folklore, and science fiction. After researching articles the main focus of discussion is the unique combining of the slave narrative with the science fiction. Slavery is still a very touchy subject. Whites do not want to relive the horrid treatment that they put upon the slaves and slaves do not want to read and learn about the harm done to their ancestors. Walter Mosley chose to write this story to convey the story of slavery from a first person narrative but also to put a spin on it so that it wouldn’t be so depressing. The text has some amazing, out of this world gadgets and healing devices but I am even more compelled to think that the truth it brings to light is an even more powerful thing. As Hazel Rochman stated I have to fully agree, â€Å"slavery is the most unbelievable part of this whole story†. In â€Å"Conversations with Walter Mosley† by Owen Edward Brady we read that Walter Mosley’s novels are filled with â€Å"folk archetypes†. In 47 we are able to see the full l ist of archetypes being fulfilled. The archetypal seeker could be Tall John leaving his planet to come to earth to find 47. It could also be 47 leaving the big house to end up in the slave quarters. The Junex verses the Senex could be the conflict between Pritchard and 47. The Orphan could be Tall John, 47, 84’s children, or any other slaves that were torn away from their families. The Caregiver could be Mama Flore, Mud Albert, or Champ Noland. The Sage in the text is Tall John from beyond Africa. Friends are Tall John and 47. Lovers are Tall John and 84, Mama Flore and Mud Albert, 47’s parents. Warriors and Heroes are Mama Flore, Mud Albert, and Champ Noland. Villains are Mr. Stewart, Pike, and Calash. Rulers are portrayed to be Mr. Tobias and the whites. The Trickster in 47 is Tall John. He uses many different tricks be them for good or bad. The pros and cons of 47 are hard to distinguish. If you were to use this text in a secondary setting you would need to get the administrator’s and parent’s permission. The cons of using this text in a secondary setting are that the text has some brutal hardships that the slaves had to endure. Language, rape, torture, kidnapping, and slavery are some of the cons that might not be appropriate for a less mature audience. The pros of the text are astounding. The story points out so many truths about slavery, and the pains that it places upon each generation. 47 takes a huge stance against slavery and thus takes a stand against racial prejudices. â€Å"Neither master nor nigger be† are powerful words that ring true for 47, finally. 20 Minute Writing Assignment – Think about Tall John’s â€Å"yellow bag of tricks† and think back through the text. What are some items that should have been in his bag? You can create / design a new item or think of something that could have been there that could have helped them along their journey. Works Cited Mosley, Walter, and Owen Edward Brady. Conversations with Walter Mosley. Jackson: University of Mississippi, 2011. Print. Mosley, Walter. 47. New York: Little, Brown, 2006. Print. Rochman, Hazel. â€Å"Walter Mosley Literature.† Walter Mosley Literature. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2013.

The Principle Of Accounting And Management Accounting Essay

Business moralss is of import in presents, as the human civilisation development. People ‘s life manner, public positions of event and the new engineering of media are non every bit same as before. All of the alterations are raising concern ethic onto a high degree importance for concern. Business in order to accomplish long-run net incomes, client relationship, it must utilize the moralss to curtail the duty ‘ ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) . For illustration, the recent events in Corporate America have demonstrated the destructive effects that occurs when the leading of a company does non act ethically, and concern savvy corporate professionals at Enron, Tyco, WorldCom, and Adelphia got themselves into such a large muss. The job lies in a profound deficiency of moralss. B ) ‘An ethical issue is a job, state of affairs, or chance that requires an single, group, or organisation to take among several actions that must be evaluated as right or incorrect, ethical or unethical. ‘ ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) For illustration, â€Å" Venkat as a database decision maker for a company found a memo about a co-worker acquiring sacked due to non working up to standard and holding a bad attitude. Venkat is shocked at this because this co-worker Tom is an built-in member of successful development of an object due to his working relationship with providers. And besides a best friend of Venkat, amongst general conversation Venkat finds out that Tom is about to suggest to his girlfriend and set a sedimentation on a new residential unit. † ( Blount 2008 ) For this instance the moralss issue is Venkat ‘s unity moving candidly and being straightforward towards Tom ( trueness to Tom as a friend ) VS trueness to tauten self involveme nt of maintaining his occupation. Ethical quandary ‘are a job, state of affairs, or chance that requires an single, group, or organisation to take among several incorrect or unethical actions that have no right or ethical picks, merely less unethical or illegal pick as perceived by any and all stakeholders. ‘ ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) it exists when two or more values are in struggle, and seek from moralss a declaration to this struggle. For the above instance the ethical quandary were: Tell Tom that he is about to be sacked, this affects Tom as he loses his occupation, Venkat as he may lose his occupation if company financess out he breach confidentiality and the company because Tom may sell confidential info or do malicious harm to their belongings. Keep silent, this affects Tom as he will lose occupation and be under fiscal force per unit areas, Venkat loses an built-in squad member. Company works more expeditiously and has better client dealingss. degree Celsius ) Ferrell stated the moralss issue or quandary is evidently, when the job is approximately opprobrious or intimidating behaviour, lying, struggles of involvement, graft, corporate intelligence, favoritism, sexual torment, environmental issue, fraud, insider trading, intellectual-property rights, and privateness issue. ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) The ethic issues ever occur with struggles of involvements, evaluated as right or incorrect, ethical or unethical. Let the organisation to seek from moralss a declaration to this struggle. So in an organisation the values of struggles are more impetuousness the issue and quandary is more evidently. vitamin D ) As the definition of moralss issue is a job, state of affairs, or chance. So it could non be kept inactive. Since moralss are made up of moral regulations and these regulations as different common jurisprudence, and different societies and civilizations have different set of moral codifications. â€Å" Merely like kids civilizations are exposed to different stimulation and that produces different personality aka Morals. Over clip a stimulation may impact a section of the population in such a dramatic manner that they change as a society their moral brand. † ( Wikipedia, 2009 ) . Now that construct is considered unethical, moral Ethic issues are alteration over clip.Question 2The four factors of ethical decision-making model are ethical issue strength, single factors, organisational factors and chance. ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell, 2010, p.122 ) . Ethical-issue strength can be defined as the perceptual experiences about ethical issue for single or group. It se ems like Jim had realize do non describe the bad waste goes into the river is unethical behaviour, because Jim was thought the factory ‘s waste disposal into the river did non exceeded Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) guideline, but when he knows the truth, he was amazed. As a director of Cinco, Jim has duty to maintain the works running ethically, environment pollution and payoff are ever serious ethical issues, non merely for Jim besides for Cinco Corporation. If factory was shutdown, many people in the town will lose their occupations, even a whole household, because in facts, the works boasts about employees whose male parent and grampss have besides worked at that place. This ethical issue is really of import to both Cinco and Jim. In a word, ethical-issue strength should be the indispensable factor in the ethical decision-making procedure ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . Individual factors include instruction, nationality, age and venue of control ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . Individual factors have more consequence on person ‘s behaviour, doing the difference among different persons. For Jim, he merely finishing the preparation plan, there is a lactiferous calling for him in the hereafter. What ‘s more, all of his predecessor wage for Ralph, and nil happened. Jim face both fire, but he have to take one. Ethical civilization displays whether the administration has an ethical scruples ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 p127 ) . Organizational factors conclude corporate civilization, obeisance to authorization and ethical civilization ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . The organisation ‘s policy gives directors excessively much infinite and opportunity to things unethically, in another words-lack of control. As a consequence, it creates a hole in the company ‘s system so that Jim ‘s predecessor can utilize it to accomplish excess benefits, many other employees in the company besides have got benefit by making unethical behaviour, it reflects the corporate civilization. The last 1 is chance. It means the state of affairs in administrations that limit or permit ethical or unethical behavior ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010, p127 ) . Cinco Corporation merely focuses on public presentation and deficiency of supervising on procedure control. These features are in which create chance for directors to take unethical behavior. As a effect, Jim can make this without fright due to any regulations or penalties.Question 3a ) The organisations like PETCO faced with several ethical issues, such as 1 ) PETA think they sell or use animate beings for commercial intent, 2 ) mistreatment of animate beings, 3 ) clients found ill finches, a mouldy dead polo-neck, dead birds, and a frog â€Å" cooked to decease † and soaking clients on sale points, 4 ) sexual and other types of torment, drug maltreatment, plus protection and force, 5 ) struggle of involvement, 6 ) the credence of gifts and amusement B ) The definition of primary stakeholder could be who has direct influence with house ‘s endurance, which can be employees, clients, investors, and stockholders, besides include authoritiess and communities that provide necessary substructure ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . For secondary stakeholder, it has non direct relationship with the house and has non critical effects on the house that include media, trade associations and special-interest groups ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . PETA, as a special-interest group, it was focused on big animate beings, nevertheless, carnal gross revenues merely got 5 % of PETCO ‘ s gross, so PETA ‘ s unfavorable judgment had non indispensable for its endurance, what ‘s more, PETA besides did n't affect in PETCO ‘ s dealing. All of above shows PETA is a secondary stakeholder of PETCO. degree Celsius ) ‘Shareholder theoretical account of corporate administration is founded in authoritative economic principles, including the end of maximising wealth for investors and proprietors. ‘ ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) For keeping intent of public presentation answerability between top direction and the house ‘s stockholders, publically traded houses, corporate administration focuses on developing and bettering the formal. Stakeholder theoretical account of corporate administration ‘adopts a broader position of the intent of concern, although a company has a duty for economic success and viability to fulfill its shareholders, it besides must reply to other stakeholder, including employees, providers, authorities regulators, communities and particular involvement groups with which it interacts ‘ ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & A ; Ferrell 2008 ) . Comparer the two theoretical accounts, the truth is that the stockholder theoretical account is a more restrictive precursor to the stakeholder orientation. In this instance, PETOC is more focal point on stakeholder relationship development, so stakeholder theoretical account is better represented. vitamin D ) Social duty means organisation ought to maximise its positive consequence on stockholders and acquire the negative impact in lower limit, which besides includes four stairss, viz. , economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . The first measure is economic ; it is common sense that about organisations have a mark in the economic, doing the maximized net income. They have duty for their stakeholders who invest money on the organisation. Merely if the organisation makes great return for the stakeholders, they would wish to put more money. On other manus, economic besides includes support occupations in society and contribute goods and service to the economic system ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . PETCO chose 12,000- to 15,000-square-foot shop that close local vicinity shopping finish as the chief format ; as a consequence, well locations will make big figure of net income. Besides, PETCO has 16,900 employees, 9,000 of which are full clip, assisting many people to work out their working job. What ‘s more, PETCO build up PETCO Foundation and other plans, like â€Å" Round up † , â€Å" Think Adoption First † . They donate in-kind goods and service to heighten the relationship between people and pets for valuable organisations. The 2nd measure is legal which means organisation should obey all Torahs and authorities ordinance ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . PETCO besides fulfill this measure, for illustration, it encourage all associates should follow the accounting Torahs include the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the by and large accepted accounting rules. The 3rd measure is ethical, which support rules and criterions to steer behaviour in the organisation ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . In the PETCO, it has several ethical plans to standard employees and stakeholders ‘ behaviours. For illustration, it avoids strugg les of involvement among associates and has the codification of ethical to turn to the credence of gifts and amusement. The highest measure is beneficent. In this measure, organisation is encouraged to do part to the society by their ain determination ( Ferrell, OC, Fraedrich, J & A ; Ferrell, L, 2010 ) . PETCO does good in this facet through set uping foundations and plans. PETCO Foundation is one of the foundations to progress charitable, educational, and other philanthropic activities for the betterment of animate beings everyplace. The â€Å" Round Up † Program already raised $ 817,000 for local animal-welfare organisations in 2004. Beside them, PETCO besides has other plan contribute to philanthropic, such as, â€Å" Think Adoption First † , â€Å" Jumping a Pet † , â€Å" Tree of Hope † , â€Å" National Pet Adoption Days † and â€Å" Kind News † . Above all, PETCO already met the four degree of societal duty.Question 4In this inquiry, I would take ANZ bank from the Connect 4 Database to be analyzed as follows. It is stress on concern unity and professionalism, in order to run into the highest degrees of revelation and conformity. Through analyzing of the one-year study, it is could give a better of understanding how this company to obey the rules with ASX Governance. What will be concentrated on are Principle 2 and 4. The 2 rule is construction the board to add a value. Companies should hold a board of an effectual composing, size and committedness to adequately dispatch its duties and responsibilities. ( JIM PSAROS, 2009, p9 ) . This rule is aimed to set up a board in sensible construction so that the board is able to carry on their responsibilities efficaciously. ANZ used to finish the rule with Recommendation 2.1 A bulk of the board should be independent managers ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p10 ) . During the one-year study we can establish there are 10 managers in the board. Nine of them are independent managers, it besides stated that under appropriate state of affairss the managers, the board and the board commission are allowed to happen outside professional advice. It entree in appropriate fortunes to independent professional advice ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) Recommendation2.2. The chair should be an independent manager ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p17 the president of ANZ is a independent manager. He is besides a no-executive manager as good. He is responsible for leading of the board and for the efficient administration and behavior of the board ‘s operation. As the function in chair should ease the effectual part of all managers and advance constructive and respectful dealingss between managers and between board and direction. In the managers study of one-year study in ANZ it besides motioned they strict followed the function. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) Recommendation 2.3 The function of chair and main executive officer should non be exercised by the same person ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p17 ) . During the one-year study, it province that the company divide the function of the president and the executive, The division of duties between the chair and the main executive officer should be agreed by the board and set out in a statement of place or authorization. They have different duty. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) Recommendation 2.4 The board should set up a nomination commission ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p18 ) The board of ANZ besides delegate several commission such as administration commission, Human resources commission, hazard commission, audit commission and engineering commission. The board commission will hold a self-assessment to look into the completion of the responsibilities, ends and aims. They besides need to put the hereafter mark. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009, pp62-63 ) . Recommendation 2.5 Companies should unwrap the procedure for measuring the public presentation of the board, its commissions and single managers ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p19 ) . ANZ have public presentation ratings to look into the operation of the board, commissions and managers. This helps to guarantee the stockholders are able to maintain their value stable. ANZ present the ways that they evaluate assorted parties. In footings the rating of the non-executive managers. ANZ bank has an one-year reappraisal base to look into the completion of the responsibilities of managers. The president would keep a meeting with every single manager to look into the conformity of codification of behavior /ethics. The president will describe the item of the rating to the board or Governance commission. When the non- executive manager confront the re-selection. They will be given a opportunity to supply unwritten or written statement to bespeak the ground of rhenium -selection. Witho ut the non-executive manager, the Sus scrofas so will evaluation the statement harmonizing to the demand of public presentation to make up one's mind whether to hold the re-selection. In respect of the rating of the president of the board, the president of administration commission will confer with the managers to look into the public presentation of the president of the board harmonizing to the functions of the president of the board. Then, the president of administration commission will fix an overview study to the administration commission and the board. The president of board will have a study as a feedback. Recommendation 2.6 Companies should supply the information indicated in the Guide to describing on Principle 2 ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p20 ) .The board will be measure around 3 old ages. ANZ will ask for external facilitator to look into the public presentation of them so that the issues of the operation will be found. As an indicant of the rule, the ANZ-09-annual study reveals the experience, headers, former directorships, and the related item of the managers. The study besides indicates the attacks of the appraisal of the managers, commissions, board and presidents. The functions of presidents and the managers are besides explained in the study. Furthermore, the responsibilities and the policy of assorted commissions are shown in the study. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) The rule 4 is to set up a construction to safeguard and scrutinize the unity of the fiscal coverage independently ( ASX Corporate Governance Council,2 vitamin E vitamin D n. ) The undertakings related to this rule are Recommendation 4.1: The board should set up an audit commission ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p25 ) The ANZ bank establishes an audit commission. The major responsibility of the commission is to scrutinize the fiscal coverage and scrutinizing rating. The commission makes assignment for the external audit party every bit good. The president of the commission is an expert in the fiscal country. He leads the operation of the commission, nevertheless, he does non hold any other add-on duty comparing to other members. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) Recommendation 4.2: The audit commission should be structured so that it: consists merely of non-executive managers, consists of a bulk of independent managers, is chaired by an independent chair, who is non chair of the board 4 ) has at least three members ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p25 ) The construction of the audit commission have several cardinal characteristic. It consists of four members. All of them are independent, non-executive managers. Chairman, Mr. I J Macfarlane, is non the president of the board. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) Recommendation 4.3: The audit commission should hold a formal charter ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p26 ) . The ANZ bank has a formal charter for the audit commission. For case, this charter requires that the member of the company must be financially liberated. They must non hold the nature to derive benefit from pull stringsing the fiscal study. The president of the company is an expert in fiscal. But he does non hold the power beyond other members of the commission. Recommendation 4.4: Companies should supply the information indicated in the Guide to describing on Principle 4 ( ASX Corporate Governance Council 2007, p27 ) . The duty and the manner of conductivity of audit commission are good reported in the one-year study. The members of the commission and their experience, including the limitation of the commission and president are good indicated in the study. However, the study merely mentioned that ANZ bank had a charter of the audit commission and several illustrations of it. There is no full tabular array of charter for the readers. ( ANZ one-year study, 2009 ) B ) Transparency means openness, communicating and answerability in general account. However, in concern, transparence could be described as revelations of related studies or executive procedures so that the direction of a company could be oversighted and governed by internal and external users or stakeholders in the concern group ( Hermalin & A ; Weisbach 2007 ) . As we know that a company dedicates to heighten its corporate administration, increasing transparence could be adopted, such as increasing unwraping demands particularly the fiscal revelation statements. Because corporate administration of a company is the system and procedures exercised and controlled by the corporation, like managers and direction, and besides trades with the relationship among stakeholders of the company, doing executive procedures or decision-making processs for the company transparent could heighten the administration of the corporation ( Hermalin & A ; Weisbach 2007 ) . There is existent illustration to demo that in order to manage the corporate dirts occurred in celebrated and large companies increasing disclosing demands has been one of the alterations to heighten the corporate administration advocated by authorities. For illustration, in US, the celebrated Enron dirts, Sarbanes-Oxley ( sox ) was adopted in response to the dirt and other administration failures and requires unwraping, â€Å" elaborate off-balance sheet funding and particular purpose entities † . So there exists positive relationship between transparence and corporate administration and transparence is increased for the object to heightening corporate administration. In the statements of ASX CGPR, most rules would turn to transparence. For illustration, in principle1, revelation of procedure for measuring public presentation of senior executives has been required and this would increase the transparence of the assessing processes to the populace. In priciple2, ASX addresses the transparence through unwraping the procedures for measuring the public presentation of the board, commissions and single managers, and elaborate information would be presented in the corporate administration subdivision of an one-year study, such as in the corporate administration statements portion of one-year study for Blackmores Ltd. And in rule 3 of ASX CGPR, the transparence is addressed during the process of showing the publicity of ethical and responsible decision-making. In other rules of ASX statements, transparence is besides presented by the demand for unwraping related exercise or executing procedures. For case in rule 5, 7 and 8, in order to do confidence for the conformity to related demands or ordinances, the letter writer company constabularies should be published and crystalline to internal and external users. Harmonizing to the old analysis, transparence is addressed throughout the conformity to the rules of ASX CGPR.

Leadership and Management Essay

Everyone manages. We manage our finances, time, careers, and relationships. We tend not to think of these activities as â€Å"managing† or of ourselves as being â€Å"managers.† Nevertheless, they are. These examples of managing or being managers are relatively simple and straightforward, even though we may find many of them fraught with difficulty. It is when the concepts of managing or being a manager are applied to organizations that complexity increases—almost always exponentially. At this point it becomes necessary to study and understand the theoretical bases of management. The practice of management and the classical enunciation of management principles can be traced to the 19th century. The development of management as an academic discipline based on a body of knowledge that can be taught is a recent development and is generally attributed to the work of Peter F. Drucker in the latter half of the 20th century. That body of knowledge is taught in graduate schools of business and in programs that prepare managers of public health departments, programs, and health services organizations, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities. This chapter provides a basic introduction to management theory and problem solving, and concludes with a brief discussion of negotiation and alternative dispute resolution. Managers are persons who are formally appointed to positions of authority in organizations. They enable others to do their work and are accountable to a higher authority for work results. Primarily, the differences between levels of managers are the degree of authority and the scope of their accountability for work results. Line managers manage people and things; staff managers, such as the human resources department and the fiscal office, support the work of line managers. Management Functions and Decision Making The five management functions of planning, organizing, controlling, directing, and staffing are brought to life and connected by decision making, which is itself a subset of the essential process for managers that is known as problem solving. Little that managers at all levels in an organization do falls outside the purview of the five management functions. Management theorists and practitioners may choose one or two of the five functions as most important, but this is not borne out normatively. When one considers the full range of what managers do (or should do) as they perform their work, concentrating on a few to the exclusion or diminution of the others will invariably cause problems for the organization. Decision making is an inherent activity of managers, and they make decisions within and among the five management functions. Decision making is part of the process of problem solving, which also includes problem analysis. Performance of the management functions and the decision making of problem solving should be evaluated using explicit and measurable criteria. In addition to engaging in the five management functions, managers must utilize specific skills, play various roles, and evidence a number of competencies. Managing and Leading Some theorists and academicians distinguish managers and leaders, based on the view that managing is more caretaking and maintaining status quo (transactional) whereas leading is more visionary and dynamic (transformational). That distinction may be more important pedagogically than in practical application, however, especially at the organization’s operating level. Senior managers must ensure effective current organizational activities and that an organization’s future is envisioned. Using this vision, the organization can be transformed as needed. As they work to achieve organizational objectives, managers use technical, conceptual, and interpersonal skills. These skills are applied in various proportions, depending on the manager’s task and level in the organizational hierarchy. Usually, senior managers make greater use of conceptual skills, whereas middle- and entry level managers use a more even mix of the three. The research of Henry Mintzberg found that managers have different roles, the general categories of which include interpersonal, informational, and decisional. Each may be segmented. For example, the interpersonal role includes figurehead and influencer, informational includes monitor and spokesperson, and the decisional role includes entrepreneur and negotiator. Successful managers integrate these various roles and are likely to engage in them without making a clear distinction. Another way to understand managers’ work is to identify their competencies, some of which are found in the categorizations discussed earlier. Conceptual, technical managerial/clinical, interpersonal/collaborative, political, commercial, and governance competencies are used in different proportions by managers at various levels of the organization. Most theories view leadership as grounded in one or more of the following three perspectives: leadership as a process or relationship, leadership as a combination of traits or personality characteristics, or leadership as certain behaviors or, as they are more commonly referred to, leadership skills. In virtually all of the more dominant theories there exist the notions that, at least to some degree, leadership is a process that involves influence with a group of people toward the realization of goals. I will say on the front end that, in my opinion, leadership is a dynamic and complex process, and that much of what is written these days tends to over-simplify this process. My goal here is to provide an overview that keeps things simple, without crossing into over-simplification, and for the most part refraining from any critiquing of the various theories. I will leave that to my fellow bloggers for now. Trait Theory This theory postulates that people are either born or not born with the qualities that predispose them to success in leadership roles. That is, that certain inherited qualities, such as personality and cognitive ability, are what underlie effective leadership. There have been hundreds of studies to determine the most important leadership traits, and while there is always going to be some disagreement, intelligence, sociability, and drive (aka determination) are consistently cited as key qualities. Skills Theory This theory states that learned knowledge and acquired skills/abilities are significant factors in the practice of effective leadership. Skills theory by no means disavows the connection between inherited traits and the capacity to be an effective leader – it simply argues that learned skills, a developed style, and acquired knowledge, are the real keys to leadership performance. It is of course the belief that skills theory is true that warrants all the effort and resources devoted to leadership training and development Situational Theory This theory suggests that different situations require different styles of leadership. That is, to be effective in leadership requires the ability to adapt or adjust one’s style to the circumstances of the situation. The primary factors that determine how to adapt are an assessment of the competence and commitment of a leader’s followers. The assessment of these factors determines if a leader should use a more directive or supportive style. Contingency Theory This theory states that a leader’s effectiveness is contingent on how well the leader’s style matches a specific setting or situation. And how, you may ask, is this different from situational theory? In situational the focus is on adapting to the situation, whereas contingency states that effective leadership depends on the degree of fit between a leader’s qualities and style and that of a specific situation or context. Path-Goal Theory This theory is about how leaders motivate followers to accomplish identified objectives. It postulates that effective leaders have the ability to improve the motivation of followers by clarifying the paths and removing obstacles to high performance and desired objectives. The underlying beliefs of path-goal theory (grounded in expectancy theory) are that people will be more focused and motivated if they believe they are capable of high performance, believe their effort will result in desired outcomes, and believe their work is worthwhile. Transformational Theory This theory states that leadership is the process by which a person engages with others and is able to create a connection that results in increased motivation and morality in both followers and leaders. It is often likened to the theory of charismatic leadership that espouses that leaders with certain qualities, such as confidence, extroversion, and clearly stated values, are best able to motivate followers. The key in transformational leadership is for the leader to be attentive to the needs and motives of followers in an attempt to help them reach their maximum potential. In addition, transformational leadership typically describes how leaders can initiate, develop, and implement important changes in an organization. This theory is often discussed in contrast with transactional leadership. Transactional Theory This is a theory that focuses on the exchanges that take place between leaders and followers. It is based in the notion that a leader’s job is to create structures that make it abundantly clear what is expected of his/her followers and also the consequences (i.e. rewards and punishments) for meeting or not meeting these expectations. This theory is often likened to the concept and practice of management and continues to be an extremely common component of many leadership models and organizational structures. Servant Leadership Theory This conceptualization of leadership reflects a philosophy that leaders should be servants first. It suggests that leaders must place the needs of followers, customers, and the community ahead of their own interests in order to be effective. The idea of servant leadership has a significant amount of popularity within leadership circles – but it is difficult to describe it as a theory inasmuch as a set of beliefs and values that leaders are encouraged to embrace.

Electronic Medical Record Adoption Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electronic Medical Record Adoption - Coursework Example It is apparent that hospitals are facing shortage of nurses and the adoption of technological devices will facilitate faster service provision. Health delivery will also become efficient if hospitals adopt EMR and CHIN because of the reduced operational costs. This arises when the hospitals invest in the devices that perform without mechanical breakdown problems (Sridhar, 2013). This saves on the overtime labor expenditures consumed by the staffs who attend to patients after the normal hours. Another benefit derived from the adoption of EMR and CHIN is that there are chances of decreasing errors within the medical practice (Sridhar, 2013). The management of the EMR is appropriate if the staffs are prone to making mistakes in their practice. In this regard, the adoption of the EMR and CHIN ensures that the health care practice is accurate and efficient for processing patient billing details (Sridhar, 2013). This facilitates that acquisition of other resources that help in administering services to the patients without fraud or fund shortage

DNA Barcoding Invertebrate Lab Report #1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DNA Barcoding Invertebrate #1 - Lab Report Example Currently two such databases exists, the Barcode of life (BOLD) and The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaborative which is an intiative of the three main Nucleotide databases, GenBank, EMBL and DDBJ. The fouth and final stage is to carry out an analysis where specimens are identified with the closest matching reference record in the aforementioned databases. In this lab report, we sought to perform a barcode analysis using mayfly DNA sequences in the BOLD database. The barcode sequence is mainly a short DNA sequence which has a uniform location in the genome and is used to identify species. One of the commonly used sequence in DNA barcoding is the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI). This was the sequence we used this work. The barcoding process involves identifying a universal locus which has retained enough sequence conservation throughout evolution and can be sourced from many organisms. This sequence should also be diverse so as to be competent enough to differentiate a target species to the family level. Generally regions of the chloroplast (rbcL gene) and the mitochondria (COI) meet these requirements. Various studies have been undertaken by Herbert et al (2003a, 2004b) and established this COI sequence as the sequence of choice in DNA barcoding in insects and vertebrates. Inverterbrates such as mayfly are collected whole and may b e euthanized in a kill jar by placing them in a freezer. In the lab, primers are designed to target the conserved regions flanking the rbcL or the COI

Exposure of Children to Second Hand Smoking Case Study

Exposure of Children to Second Hand Smoking - Case Study Example According to the study they might stop smoking during pregnancy, many of the mothers resume smoking after they deliver their babies. This postnatal exposure is, however, can harm children. Living with smokers, even if they smoke away from home, can increase a child’s chances to have ear infections, allergies, asthma, pneumonia, wheezing, and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. Infants who are exposed to smoking caregivers or mothers who smoked during pregnancy are up to four times more likely to pass away of Sudden Infants Death Syndrome (SIDS), as environmental health practitioners researches assert. Parents and children care givers ought to improve their own and their children’s health by getting some assistance quitting smoking. Clinical and psychological counseling can play a notable impact in changing their lifestyles to salvage these innocent exposed angels. This study outlines that although environmental health acts, for instance, The Maryland’s Clean Indoor Air Act 2007, was set to control public smoking and children’s right for healthy upbringing, more measures need to be implemented. This is because of lack of effective law coverage in this field. For instance, many mothers and caretakers smoke in their homes in the presence of their children without their knowledge. Therefore, a behavioral change and awareness counseling therapy can be more effectual in saving the children threatened. These laws are tremendously beneficial but they need amendments to be stiffer on the offenders. An article â€Å"Kids and Second Hand Smoke: Some Reasons to Quit Smoking?† by Vincent Iannelli suggests that smokers need extra reason to stop smoking.  

Study skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Study skills - Essay Example It is, quite literally, a case of survival of the fittest (Moore, 2010, pp. 19-28). The most organized, the most efficient, and the best rounded will be the ones coming out on top. Never have study skills been more important than when students are in university. Most of the time, students that get admission in a university are those that have, for the most part, been good at organizing their time, keeping up with their study assignments, and on top of their quizzes and tests (Roberts, 2006, pp. 23-25). Furthermore, good university students are those that possess the adequate skills of prioritizing; students that can juggle their academics with their extracurricular activities and jobs tend to do well. This skill is especially important in university because when a student comes from a school and is presented with ten-fold the opportunities on a university campus, temptations and the urge to participate in many activities and sports can cause the students to fall into the trap where they have more on their plate than they can handle. It becomes important then for students to recognize which extracurricular activities to choose to engage in, keeping in mind the real reason they are in university: to study (Moore, 2010, pp. 19-28). A good student will use their skills of prioritizing to analyze their workload and then decide what non-academic activities to participate in. In this way, never in their time at university will they feel overwhelmed by the demands of their extracurricular activities. Another personal skill that is important in university is that of being efficient and productive. Students should not waste their time on ‘useless’ pass times and should use their free hours as productively as possible. Keeping on top of their homework, their papers and not waiting until the deadline are always the signs of a good student (Floyd, 2007, pp. 49-55). Another study skill one must strive to have is that of studying and keeping up with the coursework on a

The Conflict between Profit-Making and Business Ethics Resulting in Essay

The Conflict between Profit-Making and Business Ethics Resulting in the Claims Made within the Article - Essay Example The report claims that by having the Olympic Branded products made within abusive sweatshops it makes a â€Å"mockery† of the claims made by London 2012 organisers that this summer’s Olympics will be the most ethical ever. 1.2- Who is the report intended for? The report is intended for the owner’s of the following six factories, PTShyang Yao Fung, Shyang Yao Fung, PT Parnarub Industry, PT Pancaprima, PT Golden Castle and PT Golden Continental. 1.3- Who asked for it? The Independent conducted the investigation. 1.4- What is the following report aiming to find out? The following report is aiming to examine the conflict between profit-making and business ethics whilst finding out if the claims made by The Independent’s investigation into the alleged sweatshops in Indonesia are making a ‘mockery’ out of the London summer Olympics and whether it is ethical. 2.0- Terms of reference: The report is intended for the owners of the Indonesian factories t o give findings and recommendations following an investigation from The Independent. The investigation was carried out because of claims from London Olympic organisers that ‘’this summer Olympics will be the most ethical ever.’’ 3.0- Procedure. ... 3.5- In total there were eleven people questioned within the article. 4.0- Findings: 4.1 –Indonesian factories have been contracted to produce Olympic branded clothing and shoes for the official sportswear partner of the London Olympics, which is the German company Adidas. These products are to be worn by athletes of Team Gb as well as games volunteers. 4.2 The German company Adidas hopes to make ?100 million pounds from its Olympic products. 4.3 An investigation carried out by The Independent has uncovered wide spread violations of workers rights in Indonesia. 4.4: From the investigation, The Independent has found out that the German company subjects its employees to long working hours, that is, they work for 65 hours which is 25 hours longer than what should be the case for a standard working week. 4.5 The employees of the German company are paid a very low pay and are mostly young females. 4.6 The German company is alleged to subject its employees to physical and verbal abu se and are punished in case they fail to achieve the production targets. 4.7 The Independent also found out that not a single factory among the nine factories of the Germany based company ensures that it pays its workers a living wage. 4.8 The report by the Independent unravelled that the Olympics Organising Committee (Locog) had adopted the base code set by the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) that a living pay should be approximately 20 percent more than the officially recognised minimum wage of a country. 4.9 The investigations also revealed that the employees in the nine factories live in deplorable conditions where they have to skip meals to save money. 4.10 The working conditions have affected the families of the workers where some are separated from

SPORTS LAW RESEARCH PAPER (LANCE ARMSTRONG'S TERMINATION FOR DOPING IN

SPORTS LAW (LANCE ARMSTRONG'S TERMINATION FOR DOPING IN CYCLING SPORT) - Research Paper Example The document submitted by USADA to the authorities internationally meets the requirements of the â€Å"reasoned decision† which is the transparency of the document. The investigation was triggered after a dismissal of United States cyclist Mr Kyle Leogrande for two years in November 2008 under the Anti-doping code. In January 2009, USADA was notified from a number of sources about the mass doping by the Mr Armstrong’s cycling team and his influence and control over his teammates. After a constant effort to gather more evidence, Mr Paul Scott a resident from southern California directed USADA to contact Mr Floyd Landis a former cyclist as he would have a substantial amount of information, which could prove helpful to USADA. On April 12, 2010, communication with Mr Scott about Mr Landis changed the pace of this investigation. On April 20, 2010, the CEO of USADA Travis Tygart discussed Armstrong’s anti-doping violations with Mr Landis. Further investigations made upon fellow cyclists in Mr Armstrong’s team lead USADA discovering a chain of individuals working together in the doping swindle. These individuals include the teamma tes of Mr Armstrong and cyclists from the USPS team. Following the meeting between Mr Tygart and Mr Landis, Mr Landis sent an e-mail to the president of USA cycling, confronting and disclosing other names in the sport who had breached the anti-doping code. USADA sent a letter on June 12, 2012 to Mr Armstrong and other cyclists and team members stating that they are accused of have doped since 1998 to current and were told to appear for a hearing before neutral arbitrators. In response, Mr Armstrong filed a federal lawsuit against USADA for false accusations, which was dismissed by the judge twice over consecutive attempts due to the perception that Mr Armstrong’s mere purpose was to gain publicity. In addition, the USADA’s arbitration rules meets the criteria for the process of this conduct. The evidence

Red Bull False Advertising $13 million lawsuit Essay

Red Bull False Advertising $13 million lawsuit - Essay Example Although the company did not admit liability, I would like to fault its management for acting inappropriately. In my opinion, the decision of the company to use ‘Red Bull gives you wings’ as its marketing slogan was misleading. It is an unlawful action that violates Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C.A. Â § 1125(a) which considers such a statement as a violation of the law. According to the act, the slogan qualifies as a misleading advert because of its ambiguity and incompleteness that made it possible for the target clients to misunderstand and mistake it for something else. This is because the slogan did not provide all the facts about the product. Instead of disclosing all the facts that the targeted consumers should know, the slogan remained partial and incomplete. By merely stating that the consumption of the company’s brands, one gets wings, is quite complicated and can be misleading (Bangert, et al. 19).It is a very serious offense that can really affect the company sh ould any client file a suitcase for misleading advert as it happened. The slogan helped the company to appeal to and win the confidence of many clients. Besides, it capitalized on it by hiking the prices of its product since they were perceived to superior to those of its competitors. Therefore, to avoid such suitcases, the company should refrain from publishing misleading adverts (Bangert, et al. 19). In fact, all ads should comply with the Lanham Act, be simple, clear, complete and easy to comprehend.

Symbolism in the swimmer by John Cheever Research Paper

Symbolism in the swimmer by John Cheever - Research Paper Example The real meaning of the story is revealed through the use of symbolic elements. The Story starts with couples gathered near a pool to get rid of the weariness of the cocktail party which they attended the previous night. Neddy Merril is an athlete who wishes to do extraordinary things. The youthfulness in him leads to do adventurous things like reaching his home by swimming in fifteen pools to the south. As he changes pools his total experiences also change. The story begins with realistic note. The energy of the youth, his power etc adds to the initial exhilaration of the story. The pleasant time and mood of the couples symbolizes the optimism, the swimmer has in his mind at the beginning of the journey. â€Å" It was one of those midsummer Sundays when everyone sits around saying â€Å" I drank too much last night â€Å" (Cheever 1) . Thus the story begins with a realistic note. With the paces of the ‘swimmer’, the mood of the story also changes. In the third paragr aph we see the lovely mood again. â€Å"...the day was lovely, and that he lived in a world so generously supplied with water seemed like a clemency , a beneficence. His heart was high and he ran across the grass (Cheever 515). The readers feel the pleasant mood of the writer and also that of Neddy. The’ light green water ‘waiting for such a swimmer symbolizes the freshness of his mind when he started the journey. The swimming pools that Neddy has to go through stand for the journey of life itself. It is essential for him to be adventurous to ‘swim the country ‘. The destiny of man to complete his life journey to reach the end is very effectively symbolized with the phrase â€Å"‘swimming the country’. Neddy expresses the high level of optimism that he considers himself as a legendary figure. Neddy is running from pool to pool. At Graham’s pool he was a guest to whom they want to give drink and share their mind. The image of happiness a nd blissfulness slowly disappears, and Neddy meets emptiness at Welcher’s house.† the pool furniture was folded, stacked, and covered with tarpaulin. The bath house was locked. All the windows of the house were shut , and when we went around to the driveway in front he saw a For Sale sign nailed to a tree† ( (Cheever 518) . The protagonist begins to feel the loss. It is a fact that he is addicted to alcohol and is living in an imaginary world. But now he slowly faces the reality. He sees the board ‘For Sale ‘. Neddy slowly deteriorates. Cheever uses weak dictions to convey the plight of Neddy. Neddy’s arms were lame â€Å". His legs felt rubbery and ached at the joints ( Cheever 520). The slow movement of the time and the resultant transformation occurs to Neddy, is shown in the words. The mind of the readers also moves with Neddy. The weakness in body and mind is the symbol of his social decline. In the words of Hal Blythe and Charlie Sweet; à ¢â‚¬Ëœa montage of Neddy Merrill’s physical and social decline’ is carefully drawn by the writer. Neddy denies the universal fact that disability, both physical and mental, is part of growing old. He is swimming to his own home. But the journey through water symbolizes a kind of escape from the realities he meets in the land. Thus water, in other term alcohol itself, keeps him away from his family and his friends. The different pools he swims across symbolize the

How atmosphere is created in Victorian ghost stories Essay Example for Free

How atmosphere is created in Victorian ghost stories Essay Discuss and compare how atmosphere is created in three Victorian ghost stories Atmosphere is created in Victorian ghost stories by using a few main factors- -Characters -figurative language -setting -themes -Era (period of time) The majority of Victorian ghost authors use these factors because they are best to create atmosphere in any story, i.e. for a theme you can use fear, and for a setting you can use an old abandoned mansion, a story can easily be set around this because the two factors fit together as the same genre. The first author that will be used as an example will be using as an example will be Charles Dickens, he was born in 1812, He had a marvellous photographic memory which helped him base some of his characters on people he had met earlier on in his life. The story I will be focusing on by dickens will be THE SIGNALMAN, this story is a good choice because its atmosphere is built up as soon as you read the story, THE SIGNALMAN is being narrated by the gentleman in the story, he is a means for creating atmosphere because he puts in a first person perspective, he gives opinion and tells you what the scenery looks like, characters are almost a part of the setting, they create a mood, for example the protagonist in the story spends most of his time learning from the signalman- how I ought to act, having become the recipient of this disclosure? I had proved the man to be intelligent, vigilant, painstaking, and exact, at first the protagonist sees the signalman to be a solitary, ghost of a man, but getting to know him, he sees him as a man waiting for something to come (this is now figurative language), what the author is trying to tell you is that he is not waiting to change the train track, but is waiting for the warning (or signal) towards his death. One of the themes is either death or hell, for example, in the start the signalman was shocked when the narrator yells at him halloa, below there, the signalman thinks that the protagonist is a ghost (the signal man is waiting for death). A quote that can support the theme of hell is: just then there came a vague vibration of the earth and air, quickly changed into a violent pulsation and an oncoming rush that caused me to start back, this shows that this character is not use to trains (most likely because of the era (period of time) , in which trains are relatively new and many people are scared of them), he may find them monstrous, figuratively, the ground quivering and the protagonist going down into the trench may possibly mean the earth is opening, and he is descending into hell. The era (period of time) also helps with the building of the atmosphere for the reason that the story is set around trains, and in Victorian times the general public were scared of trains which would add to the eeriness of the account being told. The author will use characters as a tool to build atmosphere by explaining what he or she looks like, how they act and what they do, for example, And drawing nearer to him, saw that he was a dark sallow man with a dark beard and rather heavy eyebrows, the narrator is describing the signalman as a person who does not interact with others and as if he is already dead because of his pale skin, deep voice, and in another part of the story he is described as having an infection of the mind, adding to the theme of death. The setting in the signalman is dim and creepy, this is explained by the protagonist, down in the deep trench, and mine was so high above him, so steeped in the angry sunset, the trench described in this quote is intended to represent the protagonist on earth, looking down into his grave, it could be that the point of the story is to represent the protagonist death. The next Victorian ghost author that will be used is Abraham stoker (Bram stoker); he is best known as the creator of the fictional character Count Dracula. The story which will be used is THE JUDGES HOUSE. One of the themes in this story is fear, this is mainly created by using setting and characters, for example, the protagonist, Malcolm Malcolmson needs a place of solitude to do his scientific research and so he finds an old shambling, heavy built house of Jacobean style , with heavy gables and windows, set higher than normal, customary houses he finds the perfect house for his research, this is also the perfect house to build suspense, horror and the theme, fear. This particular story brings different eras(periods of time) to it because the house that malcolmson takes residency in has a history, as malcolmson asks to stay in the house to the landlady, she replies not in the judges house!, she said, and grew pale as she spoke the abode of the judge who was held in great terror because of the harsh sentences and his hostility towards the prisoners at assizes, this makes the plot, and in turn it creates a negative atmosphere towards the house. This quote can also explain how the characters create atmosphere by use of their language , another example of this would be mercy on us, said Ms. Witham an old devil, and sitting on a chair by the fireside , take care sir, take care, Ms. Witham the woman speaking, sounds as if she is nervous just talking about the judge. In this story a setting can also represent a character i.e. the rats are meant to represent the judge, because it keeps catching the attention of malcolmson, he raised a book in his right hand and taking careful aim, flung it at the rat, it sprang aside like a missile, he took another book and repeated his action, and a third, until he had only one book left, the rat squeaked and seemed afraid, malcolmson more eager to strike, the book flew with a resounding blow. The book that hit the rat was the bible, usually in any Victorian ghost story the protagonist will have to use a religious object to get rid of the villain, i.e. in Bram stokers Dracula the protagonist (van Helsing) uses a cross to fend Dracula. So the rat (the judge) will have to be scared of the bible. The rats are also meant to representing the judges evil spreading like a plague, and ruining everybodys lives around it. The last author that will be used to answer the question is Herbert George wells (h.g wells) he was a Victorian sci-fi writer most famous for his novel war of the worlds. The story he wrote that will be used is the THE RED ROOM. This will give good examples of how atmosphere is created by using characters; in the beginning of the story there is a conversation between the protagonist and the pensioners, the pensioners help create atmosphere because they are all somehow crippled, for example, its your own choosing, said the man with the withered arm once more a second old man entered, more bent, more wrinkled, more aged than the first. The reason these characters are like this is because they keep having to lecture the protagonist about not going to the red room, he wont listen because no one would like to believe two senile old pensioners over their own opinion. The setting of the red room is a slightly different to other ghost stories because it is less secluded (there are more characters in the key building). It seems bizarre that the antagonist would only appear when a character is alone, as if it is shy: as I stood undecided, an invisible hand seemed to sweep out the two candles on the table, with a cry of terror I dashed to the alcove. The example of era (period in time) that happens in the story is more of a thought than it being existent: an older age when things spiritual were indeed to be feared, when common sense was uncommon, an age, when omens and witches were credible, and ghost beyond denying. This creates an Atmosphere of wickedness because it reminds you of the period in which everything was religious (religion can get rid of evil) and the church led the public to be against witches, demons and the devil. In all three of the stories there will be a person(s) who has experienced or witnessed the horrors that have happened before, they create atmosphere by giving the story a history.` Conclusion: Atmosphere is created in Victorian ghost stories by using some of the factors said before -Era (period of time) -Theme -Characters -Setting These factors are HOW atmosphere is created in these three Victorian ghost stories because they are best to put what is needed for a ghost story in the plot: suspense, history, death and a mystery to be solved.

The concept of child abuse

The concept of child abuse The concept of child abuse is historically, socially and culturally bound. Critically discuss this statement with reference to the subject material and literature. Introduction This paper will look at child abuse, what that is in Australia today. Through reviewing literature on child abuse and child protection this paper aims to show that the concept of child abuse is dependent on social and cultural values. In order to discuss child abuse and its relationship to history and social and cultural values it is important to define the term child abuse in the child protection field in Australia today. Zuchowski (2009: 30) cites Fernandez as recognizing that the importance of agreed and unambiguous definitions is central to identifying maltreatment and appropriate interventions and that child abuse is a socially constructed concept defined by social, cultural and economic conditions. In Australian child protection work child abuse is defined in terms of physical, sexual and emotional abuse and in the more contentious area, child neglect. Physical and emotional abuses are defined as acts of commission or omission that cause harm or worse to children. Sexual abuse is defined as the child being used for the sexual gratification of the adult and involves the abuse of trust and power inherent in relationships between adults and children. Neglect is defined as a situation in which the parents/carers fail to provide for the basic essential needs that children require (Tilbury, Osmond, Wilson Clark 2007:5; Tomison, 2001:48). The term neglect is contentious and implies judgement; Feminism and Post-Modernist theories challenge workers to be critically reflective on the ways in which language contributes to the construction of social values (Healy, 2005:194). Applied to child protection work Feminist, Structuralist and Critical social work theories focus on social and economic resources and recognize the impact that structural disadvantages have on families capacities to provide for children (Tilbury et al, 2007:29). Neglect of children was not recognized prior to the industrial revolution and children as young as five were treated as slave labour in orphanages, workhouses and factories, where they were starved, beaten and often kept in leg irons (Tomison, 2001:48). These conditions are illegal in Australia today and would be considered as child abuse by current social values. History of Child Protection In the 19th century children were essentially seen as economic units, large families were an investment and childrens input was considered essential to family survival (Sanson Wise, 2001:5).By the turn of the 20th century changes in attitudes to child labour in Australia were reflected in laws such as the Factory Act of New South Wales and Victoria of 1896, compulsory education for all children in all Australian states by 1900 and the establishment of voluntary child rescue groups such as The Victorian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 1894 which was concerned with child abuse and the effects of poverty and disadvantage on their living conditions (Sanson Wise, 2001:5; Tomison, 2001:50). However, widespread public concern regarding the maltreatment of children only emerged when child abuse was rediscovered by Dr H Kempe and his colleagues in the United States in the 1960s. They coined the term battered baby syndrome and their work created interest in child maltreatment around the world. (Tomison , 2001:50; Parton, 2002:5). At the time child abuse was seen as a socio-medical problem, a disease which could be cured and prevented whereas today child abuse is currently framed as a socio-legal problem with the emphasis on gathering and assessing forensic evidence (Parton, 2002:11; Tomison, 2001:52). The professionalization of child protection services during the 1970s and 1980s saw the development of risk-assessment tools ; aids to assist workers in making the right decision and to help ensure accountability. These developments saw the worker as the expert; whereas current theories used in social work in Australia such as strengths- based approaches and narrative therapie s emphasize a collaborative effort between families and child protection services (Kreuger, 2007:237; Tilbury et al, 2007:16). The influence of the child rescue movement in the late 19th century on child protection in Australia has been profound, particularly influencing the history of social intervention and removal of Indigenous children from their families (Sanson Wise, 2001:8.).Child protection in Australia was first provided by predominantly Christian church groups in the non-government sector and targeted abandoned, neglected children and those with families considered socially inadequate. Initially rescued children were boarded with approved families until later years when orphanages were established. In the early days of settlement the deprivation that children suffered in institutions was recognized, leading to foster care or boarding out being the preferred placement for neglected children (Tomison, 2001:49). Indigenous Child Protection From the first white settlement of Australia colonial values and approaches saw the land being regarded as Terra Nullius, Indigenous people being treated as free labour at best and subsequent laws, policies and practices that forcibly removed Indigenous children from their families (HREOC, 1997:2). The Colonial response to the atrocities perpetrated on the Aboriginal people was to establish a protectorate system which would segregate and therefore supposedly protect Indigenous people. By 1911 most Australian states and territories had reserved land and assigned responsibility and therefore control of Aboriginal peoples lives to a Chief Protector or Protection Board. This power was used to remove Indigenous children from their families with a view to converting them to Christianity (HREOC, 1997). This policy approach would be considered racist by current social standards. Australia has been slow to recognize and respect the cultural values of the Indigenous people of Australia in ever y way, including child care and protection. As the population of mixed descent people grew government officials responded by removing children and housing them away from their families with the aim of absorbing and merging them into the non-Indigenous population. The forcible removal of Indigenous children continued in many guises up until the 1960s; those people affected by this practice are now known as The Stolen Generation. In New South Wales after 1940, Indigenous and non-Indigenous children came under general child welfare legislation. The inherent racism in policy and practice and lack of recognition of cultural differences ensured that Indigenous families were more readily found to be neglectful. Poverty was equated with neglect and Indigenous families, ineligible for unrestricted welfare support until after 1966, were judged as failing to provide adequately by non-Indigenous standards (HREOC, 1997). Attachment theory is based on the joint work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Attachment theory recognizes the importance of the early relationship between parent and child and its influence on childrens future ability to form healthy relationships. Bowlbys work on maternal deprivation, based on the premise that attachment to a caregiver is essential for survival, was not applied to Indigenous families in the 1950s and 60s in Australia (Bretherton, 1995:759; Osmond Darlington, 2002:1). This failure can be attributed to the same racist attitudes to Indigenous Australians that saw Australia declared an empty continent by the first settlers (HREOC, 1997). Looking through the lens of attachment theory at Australias history of forcible removal of Indigenous children, it is easy to see the legacy of intergenerational suffering and its ongoing impact on the wellbeing of Indigenous communities today (Sanson Wise, 2001:39). From todays perspective historic child protection practices impos ed on Indigenous Australians are seen as child abuse and maltreatment. Prime Minister Rudds apology, in February 2008, for the damage done to Indigenous Australians through past policies of removal, evidences the change in Australian social values which are reflected in policy. In the Bringing them Home Report (HREOC, 1997:19), Sir William Deane acknowledges the extent to which present disadvantage flows from past injustices and oppression. The report recognizes the permanent wounding caused to the Stolen Generation by forcible removal and institutional abuse. All states and territories in Australia have accepted the Indigenous Placement Principle as law or policy (SNAIC, 2002:66.)This policy recognizes the importance of retaining Indigenous Australian childrens connections to their community and culture(Ban, 2005:388). The Indigenous Placement Principle embeds Indigenous cultural values in social policy by seeking to place children within extended families and their communities. This principle is critical to addressing issues such as Indigenous children being six times more likely to be removed than any other Australian children and twenty times more likely to be in the juvenile justice system. This high rate of removal can be attributed to structural issues such as poverty, lack of adequate housing and the intergenerational effects of policies that forcibly and deliberately removed Indigenous children from culture and family (Zuchowski, 2009:76). In fifty years, approaches to indigenous child protection in Australia have radically changed; they now reflect recognition of past injustices, respect for cultural differences and values and a commitment to partnership and collaboration between governments, services and Indigenous Australians to build capacities and resilience in communities to keep families and children safe (Calma, 2007). Economic Impacts Thomson (2003) suggests that there is an institutional blindness to the role that poverty plays in putting children at risk of harm. The rise of economic rationalism as the dominant philosophy through the 1990s in Australian social policy has been twofold: under- resourcing of welfare services such as child protection and a user -pays approach which sees the poor and needy further disadvantaged. Economic rationalism is a potentially value laden approach where those who are socially and economically disadvantaged held responsible for their circumstances. As Tomison (2001:52) acknowledges the focus of economic rationalism on efficiency, effectiveness and accountability potentially conflicts with the ethical commitments made by social workers such as a commitment to achieving social justice (Tilbury et al 2007:10; AASW, 1999). Economic issues impact the reconciliation process with the Indigenous community as healing and reconciliation relies on redress of past wrongs (HREOC, 1997). Thor pe (2007) also notes that a disproportionate amount of resources in child protection are spent on investigation rather than care. Current Social Policy Approaches: Prevention and early intervention The current discourse on child protection, influenced by strength based and evidence based approaches, has shifted from talking about abuse to talking about harm (Zuchowski, 2009:33). Feminism and Post-modernism recognize language as a site which contributes to defining social value; these discourses have also contributed to the shift from talking about abuse to focussing on the harm done to children. Harm is defined in The Child Protection Act (1999) as any detrimental effect of a significant natureon the childs wellbeing. This term allows for family and child to contribute to the assessment of what is considered detrimental and significant (Tilbury et al, 2007:4). The focus since the mid 1990s in Australia has been on early intervention and prevention (Tomison, 2001:54-55). Resilience has been recognized as a key protective factor in children surviving maltreatment and high risk situations and achieving healthy and adaptive outcomes. The growing recognition that enhancing protective factors to prevent maltreatment of children is cost effective, and provides both social and economic benefits, has seen an increasing focus on the delivery of early intervention and prevention services in Australia. These services are mostly delivered through non-government agencies such as Family Centres in New South Wales. Government policies now focus on health and wellbeing through enhancing community, family and individual strengths. These current strengths-based family support approaches are a contrast to historic approaches that sought to place responsibility and blame solely with the parent. Childrens health and wellbeing is now seen as a community responsibility; the impact of the socio-economic environment in which the family lives is now taken into account (Tomiso n, 2002:7; 2001:55). Conclusion According to Tilbury et al the label child abuse changes according to social context and reflects public opinion and values as well as expert opinion and reflects the degree to which society supports families to care for their children(2007:6). Furthermore understandings of child abuse and neglect differ according to socio-economic status, culture and ethnic background (Bowes Watson, 2004), as cited in Tilbury et al. (2007:6). What constitutes child abuse is dependent on social and cultural values; this is clearly evidenced in the changes to the treatment and care of children throughout even the short history of Australia since white settlement. The increase in notification and substantiation of children at risk in the last decade is the outcome of a widening definition of what comprises child abuse (Scott, 2006, as cited in Thorpe, 2007:1). Australias history of forcible removal of Indigenous children, the disconnection of British migrant children from family, the abuse of children in institutional care and the ongoing social and mental damage that these practices caused is now well known (Thorpe, 2007:1). These historic practices are unacceptable and considered abuse and maltreatment in Australia today. When compared with Australias current collaborative and culturally sensitive approach to child protection it is clear that child abuse, and community perception and response to it, reflect the dominant cu ltural and social values of the day. 1 Catriona Robertson, Student No. 0718540740, Assignment 1, WS3027: Child and Family Welfare, 10th January 2010.

Strategic Management Analysis: Nike

Strategic Management Analysis: Nike Nike Inc Strategic Plan Analysis Introduction Nike is the leading corporation in the world, which deals in equipment supply sportswear. It is a US based company and established in 1962 by Bill Boverman Philip Knight in the name of Blue Ribbon Sports. Later it was changed to Nike Inc in 1978. Headquarter of the company are located in Oregon, which is near Beaverton, the USA. It is the major manufacturer and supplier of apparel and athlete shoes. The business practices and manufacturing methods of Nike Inc are based on innovation. Mission statement Mission of the company is to become the best shoe provider, which delivers best services to its customers. Vision statement The vision statement of the company is to assist every athlete in developing motivation and creativity throughout the world. Goals and objective Goal of the company is to utilize the innovative ideas in order to manufacture quality athlete shoes and attire for the world. There are various objectives of the company, but the most significant one is to become the leader through different activities, which exhibit concern for those who are associated with Nike, such as customers, employees and suppliers throughout the world. Management style at Nike Former CEO, Philip Knight played a vital role in the establishment of strategic management. His style of management is described as the idiosyncratic, which is very personal and distinctive. The mode of management in Nike is described by strategic planning. CEO of Nike reflects broad mindedness as the management style at Nike is based on different aspects, such as the conservative decisions and planned risks. Implementation of management style is based on a thorough analysis of internal as well as external environment. Decision making style of Philip Knight reflects participative method. Knight is a daring person and able to make independent decisions, but before going to consider any decision, he invites the management team to give their views and suggestion on a particular subject. Management style of Nike differs greatly with the management style of Toyota, as it employs the concept of quality across all the levels of management. Basically, Nike is a home region company; 99 percent of its production is outsourced to south East Asia. The products of Nike are being supplied by the employees from independent contract companies, which do not form the part of ownership but are component of supply chain network. From these independent firms, the management at Nike is indirectly accountable for the working conditions of employees. Nike gives immense focus on the sales. On the other hand, Toyota focuses on cutting down the number of human labor by adopting the system of Just in Time (Rugman, 2005). This system helps to maintain appropriate inventory level and ensures correctness in every step of assembly process. Nike’s management style is characterized by the approach towards team management. Top management is composed of the dedicated executive groups having huge knowledge and skill. The group is highly oriented towards the team. This management style has led to the development of faith and esteem (Heller, 2008). This culture of company extends throughout organization. On the other hand, Management style at Toyota is also very effective, as it implements the philosophy of production system into manufacturing procedures. The policy enhances honesty and innovation among the employees, which further assists them to produce quality goods and services. The production system at Toyota is formulated on a strong channel of suppliers and equipment manufacturers. Management team applies those policies, which perform in an interactive manner throughout the distribution networks. Apart from this, similarity lies in their focus of developing the global brand in terms of the quality and style (Kno wledge Management Practices at Toyota Motors, 2005). Total Quality Management Style in Toyota Toyota successfully adopted the system of total quality management. Earlier, the company adopted the American method, which says that machines should be operated until they are broken. The engineer should be called only after this situation. This approach resulted in a decrease in the productivity. But Toyota has always adopted a learning attitude and as a result, it underwent transformation. In the first step, workers were assigned with the responsibility of handling individual machines. In the next step, workers were supposed to keep the documentation of the machine in the special notebooks. In this notebook, they were supposed to document the operation of machine along with the maintenance history. In the further step, they concentrated on the cleaning of dirt, for which they designed particular guards and covers. In the last step, they went for the practices of systematic maintenance. All these procedures helped Toyota in redesigning and making modifications in the parts and above all, these processes led to the building of highest quality cars and as a result, it became the most profitable car manufacturer. Considering Nike, its strategy always focused on encouraging customers to buy the products and the investors to purchase the stock. In spite of this, the production of Nike suffered because of its poor labor law and less focus on the workers conditions (Nike Dispute, 2008). Therefore, in order to implement the Total quality Management, Nike should give emphasis over the overall aspects of the organization. Integration of TQM in Nike TQM implies Total Quality Management; it is a management function and implemented in each business practices through different activities, such as customer feedback and research on their needs and demands. TQM practices of Toyota are based on the quality measures and focus on active participation of every employee in the quality based practices to achieve long term success. TQM practices of Toyota can be incorporated into Nike by shifting its focus on quality measures. The methods involve assessment in a rigorous manner and designing all features of Nike. Management team of Nike should consider each and every aspects of organization and must initiate the TQM practices from the top position (Heller, 2008). In order to implement TQM system, there is a requirement of increasing the level of accountability among the employees, which in turn can assist them to achieve the goals successfully, so Nike should also consider this aspect in the implementation of TQM practices. To ensure quality in the products and goods, Nike should involve practices to enhance customer satisfaction, which were also used by Toyota. Apart from this, Nike should also give emphasis on establishing achievable goals and objectives, so as to ensure quality practices as a means of TQM methodology (Heller, 2008). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the participative style of management, which is followed in the Nike serves as strength. Nike’s continue focus on the market of high end, increase of market share in the middle and focus on the small price ranges have broaden the product spectrum of Nike. In order to implement the Total quality Management, eight important aspects must be given due consideration, which includes: Principles, Integrity, Trust, Training, Recognition, Teamwork, Leadership and Communication. Nike should focus on improving labor relation and conditions of factory at the production system. To make TQM successful, supervisor must show his full commitment in leading his employees and must try to develop faith and promise by implementing practices of TQM. There is a huge requirement of dedication and personal involvement from top management. Last but not the least, clarity in the goals and objective can help in making the employee satisfied and would as sist in gaining their corporation. References Heller, R. (2008). Management styles. Retrieved August 30, 2008 from http://www.thinkingmanagers.com/companies/nike.php Knowledge Management Practices at Toyota Motors (2005). Retrieved August 30, 2008 from http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/IT%20and%20Systems/ITSY048.htm Kotler, P. (2002). Marketing Management (11th Edition). New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd. Nike Dispute (2008). Retrieved August 30, 2008 from http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2008/08/nikes-dispute-w.html Rugman, M.A. (2005). The Regional Multinationals. Cambridge University Press.

Book report lord of the rings :: essays research papers

Vol. III - THE RETURN OF THE KINGS: Everyone except Frodo and Sam arrives at the kingdom of Gondor, and though the people of Gondor are amazed and frightened at first by the huge army of walking trees that accompany them, everyone smiles and accepts them when Gandalf and Aragorn reveal themselves. The brothers Denethor and Boromir, however, see that Aragorn brings knowledge from the North which will give their kingship over to Faramir, the true King, and so they secretly conspire against him. And so later on, when the forces of Mordor arrive to attack Gondor, they successfully plot to have Aragorn positioned so he must face the Witch-King in single combat. The battle is too much for Aragorn, and just as he is about to die he is saved by Eowyn, a woman of Rohan who loves him, and Merry, who slays the Witch-king in single combat by using ancient hobbit-magic and so reveals himself to be the lost Thain of the Shire. Even as the forces of Mordor retreat, they are swept into the Sea by great ships brought by Faramir, the tr ue Prince of Dol Amroth, from the hidden city of Osgiliath further up the Great River. Meanwhile Sam chases the tarantula back to the lair of Ungoliant, the Queen of Spiders, and after a tense argument about the nature of good and evil she finally reveals to Sam the cure for the spider's-venom which holds Frodo in thrall. Sam thanks Ungoliant for her mercy and wisdom and revives Frodo, and they set off into Mordor to find Gollum. "Oft help will come from the weak when the Wise are foolish," Gandalf once said, and sure enough all the spiders of Mordor are willing to help Frodo and Sam in their quest. Their course leads them to Mount Doom, where just as they arrive they find Gollum claiming the Ring for himself. The Dark Lord Sauron then becomes aware of them, and leaves the Dark Tower to come forth and destroy them; but just them Frodo and Sam rush Gollum and force him backwards into the Cracks of Doom. The Ring is destroyed, and without it Sauron is destroyed by the sunlight. Frodo and Sam leave the Mountain just in time to see the great armies of Aragorn and Faramir coming across the plains of Mordor to greet them. Boromir and Denethor are driven away from Gondor forever, but mercifully spared by King Faramir, and Aragorn is revealed to be the long-lost King of Arnor, the North-Kingdom of old.

grendelbeo Who is the Monster - Beowulf or Grendel? Essay -- Epic Beo

Who is the Monster - Beowulf or Grendel? My first impression of Beowulf was that of an enigmatic, somewhat esoteric work, a necessary evil on the way to reading the more important works. After a closer reading of the much-celebrated epic, I had a revelation. And what a revelation: Beowulf is wonderful! Perhaps it was the translation, or it might have been the basic substance of the work itself, but I found myself devouring the poem. I discovered two specific areas of appeal: 1) The fundamental attraction of the archetypical super-hero and 2) the more contemporary trend in modern culture to attempt to recapture the experience of this particular era via popular fiction and film.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ideal of the hero is a concept so completely integrated into the human psyche as to be virtually built-in. From Homer's Ulysses to Nietzsche's Ubermensch, we as a race of beings are fixated on the individual who makes things happen, who gets things done, p referably with a healthy dose of bravado. Perhaps this is attributable to an innate sense of vulnerability in each of us, that unsettling little voice which whispers to us that, despite all our efforts, we have overlooked some crucial factor which will lead to our ultimate demise. The hero has no such insecurities: he is invincible!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is interesting to note that not only has the hero figure continued to thrive in the collective human consciousness, but, in our own western culture, the Beowulf-prototype has come full circle: there is a whole genre of fantasy novels which center on one form or another of the Anglo-Saxon warrior tradition, as well as a veritable plethora of movies. Fleet upon fleet of ring-prowed ships sail ever-onward on the seas of our imagination, on qu... ...pand the characters, making them more whole, more three-dimensional.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Looking at the two works side by side, a question arises: Who is the true monster? Beowulf fans will, no doubt, assert that their hero is the undisputed good guy, and that Grendel was a vicious bastard who got what he deserved. But the Gardner perspective offers an interesting twist: Beowulf was insane! An unbalanced, obsessive weirdo babbling bizarre gibberish into Grendel's ear as he rended the unfortunate creature's arm from his torso. This latter interpretation is not as far-fetched as one might think; the police departments of every major city in this country contain a certain number of these so-called "heroes," men so mired in violence that their perceptions become distorted, that they ultimately become the very thing they've fought so hard to defeat.

The Old Family Bank

The Old Family Bank I. Problems A. Macro 1. The lack of loyalty to the entire bank could affect the effectiveness (and profitability) of the bank. 2. The bank may have a poor process for setting pay policies. B. Micro 1. Though the personnel in the computer services department have a strong team, they are not loyal to the larger organization. 2. Computer services personnel believe that management does not appreciate them, their skills, and contributions. 3. Computer services personnel may be underpaid when compared to similar workers in other companies. II. Causes 1.The skilled workers in the computer services department do not recognize all of the factors that may affect pay and rewards. 2. The computer services personnel possibly have access to more company-wide information by virtue of the type of work their department does than do personnel in other departments. Consequently, they get a portion of the data without understanding how managers make decisions based upon that data. II I. Systems affected The attitudes of the computer services personnel to the bank likely affect the entire bank’s operations. IV. Alternatives 1. H. Day gathers more data to confirm/disprove initial diagnosis. . Use a diagnosis model such as force-field analysis to understand better the problem. Working through the model may bring to light ways to change the situation in the computer services department. 3. Day checks on regional employment data to determine if computer services personnel are being paid competitively with similar workers in other companies. Adjust pay if warranted by the data. 4. Meet with the department and explain the bank’s procedures and rationale for how pay levels are set. V. Recommendations All of the alternatives listed above can be undertaken by Day.

Managing human capital

IntroductionIn the bulk of regimes hoi polloi atomic number 18 at one time the premier plus. The cognition, abilities and executions nurture to be isthmus up and utilize to the maximal core if the administration is to compel value. Nowadays, organisations argon perpetu eachy altering as a retort to the aid surroundings with each rationalize being much sorb ining and competitive. Primary single-valued function for companies is to go more(prenominal) flexible by following a masteryful avoidance.How the bon ton adapts to the alteration and how prompt it happens sewer plug its topographic stopover in spite of appearance the game. Responsiveness, adaptability and flexibleness atomic number 18 the key.Harmonizing to, Turner, Keegan & A Hueman ( 2006317 ) , for an administration to be wakeless and successful, the charitable electionfulness attention maps must be integrated into the several(a) organisational object compassionate resources atomic numb er 18 defined as the pool of homosexual dandy under the house s control in a demand employment family relationship, and HR patterns argon the organisational activities directed at pull hit the pool of homosexual capital and guaranting that the capital is diligent towards the fulfillment of organizational ends ( Wright et al. , 1994 ) .Hrm positionThe HRM Function plays the function of the taking attention of the gentlemans gentleman capital in the organisation. The HRM Function is trus tworthy for the surgical operations, which allow the organisation to remain private-enterprise(a) on the external commercialize and internally efficient.By and bountiful(a), the function and duties of the HRM Function argon defined grave in theory, tho the world weed be disparate from the organisation to the organisation. The investings collected to maintain the flow staff and the competition on the market normally define the resort theatre of operations for the HRM Function.Th e HRM Function is responsible for the undermentioned countries in the organisationRecruitmentCompensation and Bene blend ins instruction execution ManagementTrainingReportingLeadership DevelopmentPersonal AdministrationLegal Compliant ProcessesIn recent erstwhile(a) ages, HRM involvement has grown in the body politic employee s ability and open manifestation. Among academics universe innovation judicial decision defined as a structured system of mensu military rank, touchstone and act uponing an employee s line of merchandise related to properties, demeanours and results to happen out what degree employee is short executing on the line of descent organization. ( Kramer & A macgraw & A schuler 1997 ) that is how productive the employees atomic number 18 and whether they foundation transact more efficaciously in the future tense it is a dynamic and multidimensional procedure ( Latham & A wexley 1981, Carroll & A schneirer 1982 )Harmonizing to Dessler ( 2005 ) in the national eye(predicate) entry assessment is a cardinal grosbeak number grosbeak procedure in the HRM because it helps to organisations slightly the employee with feedback, development and inducements ask upproperty individual eliminate public manifestation lacks or to go on to answer above par.In twenties one C account of public innovation assessment has been extended newborn positions. Generally gay resources directors say that mensurating public launching helps to make grow training astir(predicate) employee s demand and make but since sing public presentation assessment get an of instant portion of HRM.harmonizing to Heyel it is the procedure of measuring the public presentation and qualifications of the employees in footings of the demands of the occupation for which is employed for intents of disposal including arrangement, choice for publicities, provisioning mo elucidateary wagess and other actions which require diametricial preventative among th e members of groups as distinguished from actions blowing all members equally. ( s.Chand 2000 )From surgical operation Appraisal To Performance ManagementWhile the intellection that assessments should meliorate employee public presentation is already reliable and we know that it is non new. M all directors of companies dress up up their procedure in tree measure. They atomic number 18 _ of puting ends, _ zeal employees, _appraising and honoring them. During the period of procedure it calls public presentation instruction.By and large public presentation cathexis as a procedure that back uping to family s strategic purposes. All these comments portion out that public presentation assessment get downs a function in a procedure. employee s ends and formulate argon related to friendship s end. That is why develops the employee s capablenesss, and evaluates and wagess the soulfulnesss attempt at whatever rate party s benefit in new vision of homophile resources agen cy.Performance DevelopmentPerformance guidance scheme is related with employee development. Purpose of public presentation solicitude is developing employees who ar intelligent in their operate on besides essay to better public presentation when employees argon non executing every bit candid as they should ( Campbell, and Lee, 1988 Farh, et al. , 1991 ) The feedback is a chief burden which given during the public presentation rating procedure identify, employees failings every bit good as chances for accomplishment development.It is consume that the intents of en well-grounded public presentation tutelage system are link employee activities with administration s strategic ends, go out sensible and utile information for administrative determinations about employees and give employees utile developmental feedbackSHRMstrategic human resource direction has been defined as the linking of human resources with strategic ends and aims in vagabond to better bushel public p resentation and develop organisational purification that surrogate cheat and flexibleness ( Siddharth Chatuvedi )Strategic Human mental imagery Management ( SHRM ) is one of the well-nigh omnipotent and influential thoughts to master emerged in the range of impact and direction. It is besides applied by or so policy shapers at fork over drawn upon the thought of SHRM to advance a in racy spirits public presentation reachplaces and human capital direction.Research lay downers in the battleground of strategic human resource direction acquire emphasized that human resource ( HR ) patterns may take to superior house public presentation and be beginnings of sustained emulous advantages ( Wright, Dunford, & A Snell, 2001 ) .SHRM tint how organisations are changed, and how they perform. It besides affects how employees are treated, surety of employment and the nature of employment.SHRM trades with organisational public presentation and systems of patterns and HRM tra des with a single employee public presentation and single HRM patterns. The function of SHRM or HRM is to baffle up a system of HRM patterns that transforms a house s employees from trade goods that provide negligible competitory advantage and reasonable plow public presentation to human assets and prolonging the heightened pasture motive, expanded occupation chances, and unaccompanied accomplishments, cognition and abilities. When a house is be aftering to modify or do a advancement of founding, the best applied scheme is the research-based-review that will decidedly be utile to the SHRM/HRM.Strategic HRM And Human Capital ManagementA omen of authors pull in argued that strategic HRM and human capital direction ( HCM ) are one and the same thing, and so the construct of strategic HRM lucifers that of the broader definition of HCM or else good as the undermentioned definition of the chief characteristics of strategic HRM by Dyer and toter 1998 shows5Organisational degree because schemes involve determinations about cardinal ends, major policies and the allotment of resources they tend to be formulated at the top.Focus schemes are business-driven and centralize on organizational effectivity then in this perspective sight are viewed chiefly as resources to be managed toward the accomplishment of strategic concern ends.Frame turn schemes by their very nature provide uniting models which are at one time wide, contingency-based and integrative. They coordinated a full complement of HR ends and activities designed specifically to suit living milieus and to be reciprocally reenforcing or interactive.Theory utilize To The SHRM/HRMThe human resource direction patterns fundamentally implicate the procedure of enlisting and keeping. To supply the farther apprehension, the Grounded Theory will take the SHRM/HRM to make end of employee enlisting and keeping. The finish of grounded theory provides the recruiters and human resource professionals to ho ld a better apprehension in the employment alterations.Application Of Two feignsA. Guest Model Of HRMThis reference of theoretical account that was introduced by David Guest has six dimensions of analysis for HRM. It summarizes the HRM schemes, HRM patterns, HRM outcomes, behavior results, public presentation results, and fiscal results. The thought of this theoretical account is based on the cardinal elements of the HRM attack, such as allegiance that train a direct relationship with valued concern effects.B. Compensation And WagessThis order might be usage and besides be more effectual in the employment relationships, scheme, and direction that can chase for a better apprehension on strategic human resource direction systems. As a sort of motivational attack, employees can be more competitory hypertext transfer protocol //ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/10/shrmhrm-models-and-theories.htmlMaking A High Performance relieve oneselfplaceHow Can HR Help To Implement High Performance Work Practices?HR aid to put on mettlesome public presentation work patterns by making a elegance whic is back upive of in high spirits public presentation, by act uponing attitudes ( HR can process put up benchmarking visits to organisations which are accomplishing great(p) consequences through mess ) , by planing and implementing HR procedures which stomach the concern scheme ( hr procedures such as wages systems contain to be aligned to the new ship trend of working.In order to present high public presentation working thither are a figure of cardinal features of high public presentation workplacesEmployees are extremely skilledEmployee motive and unwaveringty are knock-down(prenominal)Occupations are good designed and functions fit together goodOpportunities are provided for mess to take part in bettering how they do their workStrong heathenish values underlie how people work together and do determinationsStructures are efficiently organisedThe obligatory tools and resources and physical environment are providedMaking this happen requires a combination of two cardinal elements on a high degreeHaving a work gist of gifted and motivated peopleHaving a extremely effectual system through which work is organised and people are recruited, managed and developedCardinal St send offss To call for A High Performance In WorkplaceThere are fundamentalally two split to presenting high public presentation working. The maiden portion is all about seting the basic enablers in topographic point. The 2nd is transforming how work is done to guarantee top public presentation twenty-four hours in, twenty-four hours out. First, it is of event to acquire the rudimentss in topographic point, as followsChoice enrolling the best people, utilizing techniques such as psychometric testing and competency-based interviewing to do true campaigners are accurately screenedProsecuting new offset motors supplying utile initiation with support at ma nus and a illume debut to ways of working and civilizationDevelopment analysing development demands of persons and squads in footings of both proficient and soft accomplishments , and supplying pertinent education and development to run into any spreadsPay and benefits supplying a competitory salary bundle or nail down rate to procure good gauge employees, with sensible warrants of employment security. Performance direction guaranting both persons and squads as whole bring clear aims and are managed consequently, honoring excellence and covering with under-performanceDiverseness holding a good mix of accomplishments, backgrounds and types of people brings a comprehensiveness of thoughts and improved problem-solvingWork environment ensuring resources are in topographic point so that the tools, equipment and installations to back up high public presentation working are in topographic point and people have what they ask to make the occupation goodAccurate information holding c lear informations on the both the be of using people, who is making what and the benefits they contribute to the plan or set about Transforming into a high public presentation workplace requires non only if the right support systems, nevertheless, but concentrating on how people work together, in fishyLeadership most people reply best to leading who connect with them and are nt hierarchal in their attack. This means acquiring back to the floor and disbursement meliorate off with people at all degrees, including frontline operators, clients, support staff and other directors. Then a clear way demands to be set and pursued smartly, presenting on promises and animating impudence in staffTeam-based working squads need to hold clear undertakings, be thrifty as a squad rather than persons and tantrum good with other squads. Functions within a squad should be complementary, clear and interdependent. Where these standards are met, squads are extremely effectual in presenting co nsequences with limited monitoring, far more so than persons working independently.Flexible constructions understating the figure of direction degrees and differences of position has important impact on two degrees. First, lines of communicating are quicker and more fluid surrounded by whoever is taking a programme and different people presenting cardinal undertakings. Besides, with few bone marrow directors, the undertaking direction operating expenses are kept to a lower limit. colloquy seasonably, undefended and honest communicating with all staff, avoiding a need to cognize civilization, is priceless in guaranting good determinations are make and errors avoided. This is besides unfavorable for people to pick up valued, as they are in the eyelet and trusted.Engagement one of the biggest countries of chance sack in more undertakings is deficiency of combat of squad members in determinations, be they big or little. Normally the people making the frontline undertakings are those who know best how things can be improved or make more efficient. Supplying regular clear forums and sometimes confidential channels to arrange issues are critical to acquire people involved in doing the whole undertaking work better. Making this takes up some metre but constantly leads to break consequences and nest eggs downstream.Continuous invention high acting workplaces are constantly happening new and more effectual ways of presenting their ends. This does nt intend eternal clip wasted navel-gazing. It does intend high note communicating and engagement being used to good consequence to do things work better and ever maintaining an oculus unfastened for chances. The function of the leader in change this is important. Good inventions need to be implemented. No should be a word that is non perceive oftenBy Alan Bourne, Chartered occupational Psychologist 2007Example From CompaniesStarbuck s, Boeing, Wal-Mart, Mc Donalds, Samsung and Turkish Airlines are leadership in their industry and have been making concern successfully. During the research on their Human Resource Management ( HRM ) , I have seen their successes are steadfastly related to their effectual and efficient HRM schemes. There are many factors in common among these five companies HRM schemes cultism to employees benefits, employee preparation, a diversified work environment, publicities and wagess system, comradely and healthy workplace and outsourcing chances.Starbuck s concern has been hiking twelvemonth by twelvemonth. For many people that have had Starbuck s java, they may obtain that Starbuck s client service is outstanding. all(prenominal) client is treated like a VIP and with high quality service. Starbuck s provides its direction squad and employees developing to assist them better understand its concern procedure. Besides, Starbuck s offers a broad scope of occupation chances for people to develop their potency.Boeing, world-famous aeroplane shaper, provides the m ost advanced and diversified employees benefits I have of all time known. Boeing knows handling employees munificently will convey more net incomes and competitory advantage. In add-on, Boeing provides a twinkling(prenominal) and clear calling growing way for its employees, and it will decidedly add to their potency and attempts working at Boeing.Wal-Mart is the largest private employer of African-Americans and Hispanics in the United States. Different civilizations, backgrounds, and moralss have obtain Wal-Mart HRM s nucleus issues. Wal-Mart embracings diverseness at all degrees in its organisation. Wal-Mart besides has an pass around Door Policy in which every associate is encouraged to convey any suggestions to their supervisor. Wal-Mart s advanced and effectual HRM schemes make it such a successful ac confederacy.McDonalds believes that reading is the foundation of their success and vital for bettering the business . Hourly paid staff beat on the occupation preparation, su pplemented by cypher machine based and other preparation methods, Management staff receive preparation at one of the company s six British preparation Centres. McDonalds has a high turnover of staff, proposing the enlisting scheme is inefficient. Incorrect occupation advertizement circumstantially leads to the entry of applications by the incorrect type of individual.Samsung s scheme can be described as an attempt to systematically run into clients demands across three critical dimensions-quality, time-to-volume, and being easy to make concern with. The company is invariably altering and reinventing itself in support of these ends by design in Samsung s HR direction systems. recently the house has collected some informations about why people in high tech came to ( and stayed at ) Samsung. It was found that elicit work and the quality of the work environment were cardinal properties. Samsung develop a gage of classs for Samsung staff to larn, and give them chances to travel alfresco to larn. E.g. The design halfway staff can travel abroad or have opportunity to work with far-famed endowments. Samsung has place the development and care of an Extraordinary milieu as a cardinal driver in the execution of its competitory scheme. jokester Airline is one of the market leaders in the flight industry.The Company has got jobs which include hapless communicating and deficiency of information flow between the assorted sections, headhunting of cardinal staff members by rivals, weak organizational construction, weak wages scheme and organizational civilization. To work out this issue, The company has take a figure of human resource direction schemes of late. At Turkish air hoses direction has created a conductive environment, with more workers engagement, calling sequence planning, calling relevant preparation, public presentation wages systems, greater chances for higher functions, occupation satisfaction, trust and committedness to heighten employee commi ttedness and satisfaction.Bacardi-Martini is a celebrated and reputable drinks maker with the strongest success place with respect to the study conducted by The sunlight Times 100 Best Companies to Work For . One of the chief factors that fuels their success, and continues to drive the company are the productiveness, answerability, creativeness and teamwork.The company right away recognises that its success will further go on if the staff are committed, loyal andhappy in their work. Therefore, Bacardi s staff development attack is taken in reality earnestly, and they go to guarantee that the habitation atm is used through the operations of the companyExamples of these benefits include free hot repasts at the eating house, private wellness attention, sustenance insurance,athleticss installations, helplines and so on. All of these benefits are non merely offered to the employee, but besidesthe employee s household members or live-in spouses.hypertext transfer protocol //www.c lms.le.ac.uk/publications/workingpapers/working_paper50.pdfDecisionHarmonizing to Gilbreath ( 2008 ) , making strong HRM policies requires making a strong psychological environment in which employees can boom. Such an environment requires carry oning essay audit, supervising the work of the environment, fiting people and work environment and utilizing squads of employees and research workers to analyze the work environment. Gilbreath, B. , ( 2008 ) .This paper has examined the propositions of the SHRM positions of HR patterns and their part to sustainable competitory advantage. The nexus between HR patterns and house public presentation has been complete and from a resource-based position One of the native decisions from this surveyIt is utile for all administrations to direction their people within a be after and coherent model which reflect the concern scheme. They can guarantee that the assorted facets of people direction are reciprocally reenforcing in developing the public presentation and behaviors necessary to accomplish concern success.There is non individual HRM scheme that will present success in all state of affairss. Administrations need to specify a scheme which is just to their ain state of affairs in footings of context, ends, and the demands of organizational stakeholders.hypertext transfer protocol //www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/ ordinary/strathrm.htm